The influence of whole-body vibration, media, and artificial lighting on eye-movement during reading / A influência da vibração de corpo inteiro, da mídia e da iluminação artificial no movimento dos olhos durante tarefas de leitura

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate if participants, subjected to whole-body vibration, two different types of media (paper versus tablet) and two lighting environments (fluorescent versus LED), present a difference in eye-movement parameters during reading tasks. Methods: Fourteen adults silently read two different texts in each one of the eight randomized testing conditions (whole-body vibration versus media versus lighting), resulting in 16 different texts read per individual. Whole-body vibration was applied in the vertical direction, 5Hz and 0.8 m/s2 root-mean-square amplitude, a condition similar to those experienced by forklift truck drivers. Participants were in a sitting position with a backrest. An eye-tracker evaluated the eye-movements during the reading task. Results: Whole-body vibration significantly reduced the number of ocular fixations, and cross-correlation; and increased the reading efficiency, fixation duration, directional attack, and binocular anomalies. Neither the type of media nor the lighting environment interfered significantly with the eye-movements, both in situations with and without vibration. Conclusion: The results indicate that whole-body vibration interfered in the eye-movements during the reading task. This may impose a difficulty to process the visual information and to synchronously coordinate the binocular movements under vibration environments.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se participantes submetidos à vibração de corpo inteiro, a dois tipos diferentes de mídia (papel versus tablet) e a dois ambientes de iluminação (fluorescente versus LED) apresentam diferença nos parâmetros de movimento dos olhos durante tarefas de leitura. Métodos: Quatorze adultos leram silenciosamente dois textos diferentes em cada uma das oito condições de teste (vibração de corpo inteiro versus mídia versus iluminação), de forma aleatória, resultando em 16 textos diferentes lidos por indivíduo. A vibração de corpo inteiro foi aplicada no sentido vertical, com amplitude de 5Hz e 0,8m/s² da raiz do valor quadrático médio, em condição semelhante às vivenciadas pelos motoristas de empilhadeiras. Os participantes permaneceram em postura sentada com encosto. Um rastreador ocular avaliou os movimentos oculares durante a leitura. Resultados: A vibração de corpo inteiro reduziu significativamente o número de fixações oculares e a correlação cruzada entre os olhos e aumentou a eficiência de leitura, duração da fixação, ataque direcional e anomalias binoculares. Nem o tipo de mídia nem as condições de ambientes de iluminação interferiram significativamente nos movimentos oculares, tanto em situações com ou sem vibração. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que a Vibração de Corpo Inteiro pode interferir nos movimentos oculares durante a leitura. Isso pode impor uma dificuldade no processamento da informação visual e na coordenação síncrona dos movimentos binoculares em ambientes de vibração.

Effects of different intensity of lighting on refractive development and form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of different intensity of lighting on normal refractive development and form deprivation myopia (FDM) in guinea pigs.Methods:A total of 108 healthy 3-week-old guinea pigs were divided into normal refractive development guinea pigs ( n=54) and FDM guinea pigs ( n=54). FDM models were prepared in FDM animals by occlusion of the left eyes using an opaque mask, and the bilateral eyes were open in the normal refractive development guinea pigs.The guinea pigs were randomized to low (20 lx), normal(300 lx), and high intensity-lighting (5 000 lx) groups with a 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle for 6 consecutive weeks under LED light.The ocular biometry was performed in a two-week interval.Axial length (AL) and dilated diopter were measured by A-scan ultrasonography and retinoscopy, respectively, and were compared after different lighting durations, and the change trends of them in normal refractive development and FDM guinea pigs were evaluated. Results:The AL values were not significantly different among low, normal and high intensity-lighting groups ( Fgroup=0.365, P=0.697), and the AL was gradually prolonged over the lighting duration ( Ftime=353.750, P<0.001). The diopters showed a statistically significant difference among different intensity-lighting groups ( Fgroup=3.576, P=0.034). The diopter in high intensity-lighting for 4 weeks was (+ 2.75±2.15) D, which was significantly higher than (0.41±3.07) D in the normal refrective development guinea pigs ( P<0.001). In the FDM guinea pigs, both AL and diopter were not significantly different among low, normal and high intensity-lighting groups ( Fgroup=0.105, P=0.900; Fgroup=0.973, P=0.387), and significant differences were seen in AL and diopter among three groups ( Ftime=408.302, 27.407; both at P<0.001). The diopter in FDM eyes of low intensity-lighting for 2 weeks was (+ 2.35±1.95) D, which was higher than (+ 1.90±0.97) D before lighting, with no statistically significant difference between them ( P>0.05). The AL was shortest and the AL change was smallest in normal refractive development guinea pigs of high intensity-lighting group.The diopter change in FDM guinea pigs of the low intensity-lighting group was significantly smaller than that in the normal intensity-lighting group ( P<0.001), with a transient hyperopia drift. Conclusions:The 5 000 lx lighting can slow down the development toward myopia in the normal refractive development eyes, and 20 lx lighting tends to delay the progression FDM eyes with a hyperopic shift after lighting for 2 weeks.

Digital asthenopia: blue-blocking lenses and + 0,40D additional power in the near zone, for eye strain, accommodation and convergence functions / Astenopia digital: avaliação de lentes com filtro de luz azul e poder adicional de +0,40D na zona de perto, para fadiga visual e nas funções de convergência e acomodação

ABSTRACT Purpose Evaluate blue-violet light filter and additional power of +0.40 D in the near zone ophthalmic lenses, on convergence, accommodative functions, and symptoms of digital asthenopia (DA). Methods Randomized study in cross-over design conducted on 49 volunteers (age, 29 ± 5.5 years; male: female, 18:31). Each subject wore test (+0.40 D in the near zone) and control lenses (regular single vision) for 4 weeks in randomized order. Both lenses had a selective blue-violet light filter. A baseline measurement was taken with the subjects' current updated glasses. Accommodation amplitude (AA) and near point of convergence (NPC) were measured binocularly with the RAF ruler. DA was evaluated by a questionnaire. Results No significant difference (p=.52) was found for AA comparing baseline (11.50±1.88 D), test (11.61± 1.62 D), and control SV lenses (11.88±1.50 D). No significant difference was found for NPC (p=.94), between baseline (6.50 ± 2.89cm), test (6.71± 3.49) and control SV lenses (6.82± 3.50 cm). No significant difference was found comparing test and control SV lenses in symptoms of DA (p=0.20). Conclusions The +0.40 D lenses have no negative impact on convergence or loss of accommodation power. The +0.40 D and control SV lenses had a similar impact on attenuating symptoms of DA.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos do uso de lentes oftálmicas com filtro seletivo de luz azul-violeta, sem e com poder adicional de + 0,4D na zona de perto nas funções de acomodação e convergência e para sintomas de astenopia digital (AD). Métodos Ensaio clínico controlado, randomizado e mascarado, com 49 voluntários (idade, 29 ± 5,5 anos; masculino: feminino, 18: 31). Cada participante usou lentes de teste (+0,40 D na zona de perto) e controle (visão simples), por 4 semanas de forma randomizada. Ambas as lentes tinham filtro seletivo de luz azul-violeta. A medição inicial (baseline) foi feita com os óculos atualizados de cada participante. A amplitude de acomodação (AA) e o ponto de convergência próximo (PPC) foram medidos binocularmente com a régua RAF. A AD foi avaliada por um questionário. Resultados Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,52) para as medidas de AA comparando as lentes baseline (11,50±1,88 D), teste (11,61±1,62 D) e controle VS (11,88±1,50 D). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada para a medida do PPC (p=0,94), entre as lentes baseline (6,50 ± 2,89cm), teste (6,71±3,49) e controle VS (6,82±3,50 cm). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada comparando lentes teste de VS e controle nos sintomas de AD (p=0,20). Conclusões As lentes com +0,40 D não têm impacto negativo na convergência ou na perda de acomodação. As lentes +0,40 D e controle VS, tiveram impacto semelhante na redução dos sintomas de AD.

Nível de iluminação em Unidades Neonatais, segundo manejo do ambiente e mobiliário / Nivel de iluminación en unidades neonatales, según el manejo del ambiente y del mobiliario / Lighting level in Neonatal Units according to environment and furniture management

Resumo Objetivo Identificar os níveis de iluminação em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais que realizam ou não períodos de manejo ambiental, segundo tipos de mobiliários, e indicar qual a condição que promove melhor ambiente ao recém-nascido, com relação à iluminação. Métodos Estudo transversal, descritivo e de correlação. A amostra foi composta pela mensuração da iluminância dentro de incubadora, incubadora com fotoproteção e berço de acrílico, posicionados segundo a proximidade da luz natural. As medições com luxímetro ocorreram a cada 60 segundos durante 24 horas ininterruptas por posição, em duas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal iluminadas por luz natural e luz artificial incandescente, uma que não realiza o manejo ambiental (Instituição A) e outra que realiza por períodos de uma hora, quatro vezes ao dia (Instituição B). Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes de Mann Whitney, Friedman e de Nemenyi. Resultados Os níveis de iluminação apresentaram grande variação conforme o período do dia e o tipo de mobiliário (mín=0;máx=889 lux), sendo superiores nos berços de acrílico. As posições distantes da fonte de luz natural não proporcionaram menores níveis de luz. A fotoproteção sobre as incubadoras propiciou menor exposição à luz. Os valores médios de iluminância em todas as posições consideradas na instituição A foram significativamente maiores, quando comparados à instituição B, demonstrando a eficácia da prática do manejo do ambiente (p<0,05). Conclusão A combinação do uso da proteção escura sobre a incubadora e do manejo do ambiente proporciona a melhor condição de iluminação para os recém-nascidos em unidades neonatais.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar los niveles de iluminación en unidades de terapia intensiva neonatales que realizan o no realizan períodos de manejo ambiental, según el tipo de mobiliario, e indicar qué condición promueve mejor ambiente al recién nacido, con relación a la iluminación. Métodos Estudio transversal, descriptivo y de correlación. La muestra estuvo compuesta por la medida de la iluminancia dentro de la incubadora, incubadora con foto protección y cuna de acrílico, posicionados según la proximidad de la luz natural. Las mediciones con luxómetro se realizaron cada 60 segundos durante 24 horas ininterrumpidas por posición, en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales iluminadas por luz natural y luz artificial incandescente, una que no realiza el manejo ambiental (institución A) y otra que la realiza por períodos de una hora, cuatro veces al día (institución B). Para el análisis de los datos fueron utilizados las pruebas de Mann Whitney, Friedman y de Nemenyi. Resultados Los niveles de iluminación presentaron gran variación conforme el período del día y el tipo de mobiliario (mín=0; máx=889 lux), superiores en las cunas de acrílico. La posición distante de la fuente de luz natural no proporcionó menores niveles de luz. La foto protección sobre las incubadoras propició una menor exposición a la luz. Los valores promedio de iluminancia en todas las posiciones consideradas en la institución A fueron significativamente más altos al compararlos con los de la institución B, lo que demuestra la eficacia de la práctica del manejo del ambiente (p<0,05). Conclusión La combinación del uso de la protección oscura sobre la incubadora y el manejo del ambiente proporciona una mejor condición de iluminación para los recién nacidos en unidades neonatales.

Abstract Objective To identify the lighting levels in neonatal intensive care units that perform environment management or not according to types of furniture, and indicate which condition promotes the best environment for the newborn in terms of lighting. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational study. The sample was composed by measuring the illuminance inside an incubator, an incubator with protection from light and an acrylic crib positioned according to proximity of natural light. Measurements with a luxmeter took place every 60 seconds for 24 uninterrupted hours per position in two neonatal intensive care units lit by natural light and artificial incandescent light, one where environment management is not performed (Institution A) and the other where environment management is performed for one-hour periods, four times a day (Institution B). The Mann Whitney, Friedman and Nemenyi tests were used for data analysis. Results The lighting levels showed great variation according to the period of the day and type of furniture (min=0; max=889 lux), and were higher in acrylic cribs. Positions far from the natural light source did not provide lower light levels. Protection over the incubators provided less exposure to light. The mean illuminance values in all positions considered in institution A were significantly higher compared to institution B, demonstrating the effectiveness of the environment management practice (p<0.05). Conclusion The combination of the use of dark protection over the incubator and environment management practices provides the best lighting condition for newborns in neonatal units.

Relationship between classroom lighting and poor vision of students in primary and secondary schools in Tianjin / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the relationship between classroom lighting and poor vision of students in primary and secondary schools in Tianjin, and to provide reference for targeted prevention measures for comprehensive school eye health programmes.@*Methods@#A total of 623 classrooms and 24 713 students in 89 primary and secondary schools in Tianjin were selected using stratified cluster sampling method in Sep.to Oct. of 2020. The illuminometer was used to monitor the lighting environment of the classroom, and the standard logarithmic vision light box was used to detect the naked eye vision of students. Chisquare test, variance analysis and binary Logistic regression were used in SPSS software.@*Results@#Rate of low vision among primary and secondary school students in Tianjin was 67.86%. The qualification rate of blackboard reflectance, blackboard average illumination, blackboard illumination uniformity, desk average illumination and desk illumination uniformity were 58.11%, 53.13%, 73.19%, 66.61% and 75.12%, respectively. Univariate analyses showed that the blackboard reflectance, blackboard average illumination, desk average illumination, and desk illumination uniformity were associated with low vision among students(χ 2=311.29, 62.54, 61.71, 6.59, P<0.05). Multivariable Logistic regression analysis showed that blackboard reflectance, average illumination of blackboard and desk were associated with higher risk of poor vision[OR(95%CI)=1.19(1.11-1.27),1.27(1.17-1.37),1.11(1.02-1.20), P<0.05].@*Conclusion@#Prevalence of low vision among primary and secondary school students in Tianjin is relatively high. Blackboard reflectance, average illumination of blackboard and desk are the important determinants for poor vision of primary and secondary school students. Creating effective classroom lighting scheme is crucial for vision health among students.

Quasi-Experimental study of effects of lighting on rest, activity and melatonin in postpartum women / Estudo Quasi-Experimental dos efeitos da iluminação no repouso, atividade e melatonina em puérperas / Estudio cuasiexperimental de los efectos de la iluminación em reposo, actividad y melatonina em mujeres posparto

ABSTRACT Objectives: to compare the parameters of the activity/rest cycle of early postpartum breastfeeding women under a controlled and uncontrolled long wavelength ray light regimen. Methods: quasi-experimental study with breastfeeding women and their babies during postnatal rooming-in, São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were allocated to either an experimental (intervention) or a comparison group. The intervention involved exposure of the woman in a controlled room with artificial long wavelength ray light at night. Each woman's level of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin at 24 hours and activity/rest times was analyzed. Results: the mean activity/rest times of women in the experimental and comparison groups were similar. The mean percentages of total load of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin during the day and night were similar (p=0.09). At 24 hours, the experimental group presented a significantly lower mean percentage of total load compared to the comparison group (p=0.04). Conclusions: women who stayed in the room with long-wavelength artificial light showed no difference in activity/rest and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels in the early postpartum period.

RESUMO Objetivos: comparar os parâmetros do ciclo de atividade/descanso de puérperas lactantes no início do pós-parto sob regime de iluminação com raios de comprimento de onda longo controlado e descontrolado. Métodos: estudo quase-experimental com lactantes e seus bebês em alojamento conjunto, São Paulo, Brasil. Os participantes foram alocados para grupos experimental (intervenção) ou de comparação. A intervenção consistia na exposição em uma sala controlada com iluminação artificial de raios de comprimento de onda longo à noite. Foram analisados os horários de atividade/repouso (horas) e nível de 6-sulfatoximelatonina em 24 horas. Resultados: a atividade média e os tempos de repouso das mulheres nos grupos experimental e comparação foram semelhantes. Os percentuais médios de volume total de 6-sulfatoximelatonina durante o dia e a noite foram semelhantes (p=0,09). Em 24 horas, o grupo experimental apresentou percentual médio significantemente menor de volume total em relação ao grupo comparação (p=0,04). Conclusões: as mulheres que permaneceram no quarto com luz artificial de comprimento de onda longa não apresentaram diferenças nos níveis de atividade/repouso e 6-sulfatoximelatonina no início do período pós-parto.

RESUMEN Objetivos: comparar parámetros del ciclo actividad/descanso en madres lactantes en posparto temprano bajo régimen lumínico de rayos de longitud de onda larga controlado y no controlado. Métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental con madres lactantes y sus bebés, São Paulo, Brasil. Las participantes fueron asignadas a grupos experimental (intervención) y comparación, consistente en exposición en habitación controlada con luz artificial de rayos de longitud de onda larga durante la noche. Se analizaron tiempos de actividad/descanso (horas) y nivel de 6-sulfatoximelatonina a las 24 horas. Resultados: actividad media y tiempos de descanso fueron similares en grupos comparación e intervención. Porcentajes promedio de volumen total de 6-sulfatoximelatonina durante día y noche resultaron similares (p=0,09). A las 24 horas, el grupo intervención presentó porcentaje promedio de volumen total significantemente menor comparado con grupo comparación (p=0,04). Conclusiones: las mujeres expuestas a luz artificial de longitud de onda larga no mostraron diferencias en niveles actividad/descanso y 6-sulfatoximelatonina durante el posparto temprano.

Condições de ambiência em restaurantes comerciais / Ambience conditions in commercial restaurants

Introdução: Ambiência é a organização que um espaço físico recebe, envolvendo questões técnicas e estruturais do ambiente. Além do espaço físico, é também levado em consideração que, nesse espaço, haverá relações sociais e interpessoais e que, portanto, o local deve ser acolhedor e confortável em todos os sentidos. Objetivo: Avaliar as condições de ambiência em restaurantes comerciais de Fortaleza-CE. Métodos: O estudo foi do tipo observacional, transversal, descritivo e analítico, desenvolvido no período de dezembro de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019, quando foi avaliada a ambiência de 20 restaurantes comerciais da cidade de Fortaleza-CE. Nesses restaurantes, foram avaliados os setores de recebimento, pré-preparo e preparo, cocção, higienização, distribuição, inspeção de matérias-primas, salão de refeição e setores administrativos. A avaliação das unidades de alimentação e nutrição (UAN) foi realizada por um instrumento estruturado que possuía um cabeçalho com a identificação da empresa, e no qual foram registrados dados de temperatura, ruído, iluminação, umidade e cor do piso, parede e teto. Os dados foram tabulados no software Excel® 2013 e apresentados em frequência absoluta e relativa, e em média e desvio padrão. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram inadequações em umidade, temperatura, iluminação e cores em vários setores dos restaurantes avaliados, confirmando a hipótese do trabalho. Conclusões: Conclui-se que há inadequações de ambiência primária em restaurantes comerciais de Fortaleza-CE, podendo-se levar em consideração que a maioria das UANs foi construída sem o planejamento adequado à saúde dos colaboradores. (AU)

Introduction: Ambience is the organization acquired by a physical space, involving technical and structural issues of the environment. Besides the physical space, it is also taken into consideration that in this space social and interpersonal relations will take place and that, therefore, the place must be welcoming and comfortable in every sense. Objective: Evaluate the ambience conditions in commercial restaurants in Fortaleza-CE. Methods: The study was of the observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical type, developed from December 2018 to February 2019, when the ambience of 20 commercial restaurants in the city of Fortaleza-CE was evaluated. In these restaurants, the reception, pre-preparation and preparation, cooking, sanitation, distribution, inspection of raw materials, meal room, and administrative sectors were evaluated. The evaluation of the food and nutrition units (FNU) was performed by a structured instrument, with a header to identify the company, and in which temperature, noise, lighting, humidity, and floor, wall and ceiling color data were recorded. The data were recorded in Excel® 2013 software and presented in absolute and relative frequency and mean and standard deviations. Results: The results showed inadequacies in humidity, temperature, lighting and colors in several sectors of the restaurants evaluated, confirming the hypothesis of this study. Conclusions: It is concluded that there are inadequacies of primary ambience in commercial restaurants in Fortaleza-CE, and it can be taken into account that most of the FNUs were built without adequate planning for the health of the employees. (AU)

Relationship between classroom lighting and poor vision of primary and middle school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the relationship between classroom lighting and poor vision of primary and middle school students of poor vision with classroom natural light selecting and artificial lighting, so as to provide reference and basis for the prevention and control of eyesight of primary and middle school students.@*Methods@#A total of 1 734 students from 45 classrooms in 7 primary and secondary schools (2 in primary school, 2 in junior high school, and 1 in vocational school) in Baiyun District, Guangzhou were selected by stratified cluster sampling method for research. The classroom lighting environment was monitored by the illuminometer, the naked eye vision of students was detected by 5 m standard logarithmic vision light box, and the basic information and myopia-related behaviors of students were investigated by questionnaire. And the correlation between poor vision of primary and middle school students and classroom lighting was analyzed.@*Results@#The poor vision rate of primary and middle school students in Baiyun District of Guangzhou was 74.2%(1 286), the girls’ rate(79.7%) was higher than boys’(69.4%), the rate of senior high school students(63.4%) was higher than that of middle school students(81.1%), the rate of vocational school students(82.8%) was higher that of primary school students(60.2%), the rate of resident students(78.5%) was higher than that of non-resident students(69.6%). The results of multivariate analysis after controlling for confangulation factors showed that average illumination on the blackboard, and uneven illumination on the desk were associated with higher risk of poor vision[OR(OR95%CI)=1.51(1.01-2.25), 1.42(1.02-1.98),P<0.05)].@*Conclusion@#Poor eyesight of primary and middle school students in Baiyun District of Guangzhou city is serious, especially that of female students, senior high school students and resident students. There is a significant correlation between classroom lighting and poor vision in primary and middle school students. The blackboard and desk lighting are associated with higher risk of poor vision in primary and middle school students.

An IoT Equipped Hospital Model: A New Approach for E-governance Healthcare Framework

Internet of things (IoT) is an emerging technology that helps in reducing the human efforts. IoT refers to the physical objects connected to each other over the internet. In reference to the healthcare sector various equipment and gadgets like a thermometer, ECG, blood pressure measuring machine, heart rate monitor etc. are interconnected via various sensors. People are becoming more inclined towards the use of the Internet of things. The growing elderly population and the increase in chronic diseases generate a need for the healthcare sector to find ways to provide services at the convenience of the patient. Many people in India do not have access to proper medical services due to which the health of these people suffers. Nowadays the government is taking so many initiatives to support and provide help to the people living in the rural area. This paper proposes a model e-governance healthcare framework of IoT equipped hospital that helps in treating critical healthcare requirements.

Establishment and evaluation of a stress depression model induced by light and dampness on mice / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective@#To establish a novel stress-induced depression model by changing the lighting conditions and continuously damping cushion (L-D).@*Methods@#The L-D stress depression animal model was established in C57BL / 6 mice with body weight of 18-22 g. Seventy-five mice with the horizontal and vertical scores higher than 30 and less than 120 in open field test were employed.In the research of model construction, mice were randomly divided into three groups: control group (n=9), chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) model group (n=10) and L-D model group (n=9). In the drug intervention experiments, mice were randomly divided into five groups: control group (n=9), chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) model group (n=10), L-D model group (n=9), CUMS+ fluoxetine group (n=10) and L-D model+ fluoxetine group (n=9). Open field test, forced swimming test and sucrose preference test were used to evaluate the degree of depression in animals.@*Results@#(1) In the open field test, the horizontal score of CUMS model group (67.20±5.81) and the L-D model group (52.56±19.05) were significantly lower than that of the control group (76.44±9.22) (t=2.645, t=3.387, both P<0.05). And horizontal score of the L-D model was significantly lower than that of the CUMS model (t=2.321, both P<0.05). In forced swimming experiment, compared with the control group ((39.67±21.12)s), the immobility time of the CUMS model group ((60.90±10.34)s) and the L-D model group ((74.89±16.10)s) were significantly prolonged (t=2.831, 3.979, both P<0.05). The immobility time of the L-D model group was also significantly higher than that of the CUMS model group (t=2.278, P<0.05). In the sucrose preference experiment, the percentage of sucrose preference in CUMS model group ((72±7)%) and L-D model group ((65±5)%) was lower than that in the control group ((81±12)%) (t=2.195, 3.875, both P<0.05). The percentage of sucrose preference of L-D model group was significantly higher than that of CUMS model group (t=2.286, P<0.05). (2) After intervention with antidepressants, the horizontal scores of the CUMS model group (65.60±6.43) and the L-D model group (54.33±14.67) were significantly lower than that of the control group (75.78±8.27) in open field test (t=3.011, t=3.861, both P<0.05), and the score of L-D group was lower than that of CUMS group(t=2.235, P<0.05). The vertical score of the L-D model group (33.44±4.54) was significantly lower than that of the control group (39.22±5.56) (t=2.553, P<0.05). There was significant increase in the level score and vertical score of CUMS model and L-D model after fluoxetine intervention (t=3.090, t=2.692, both P<0.05), and significant twist in the vertical score of CUMS model and L-D model (t=2.681, t=2.354; both P<0.05). In the forced swimming experiment, the immobility time of the L-D model((64.11±13.06)s) was significantly longer than that of the control group ((42.00±13.77)s) (t=3.494, P<0.05). The immobility time of CUMS model and L-D model mice was significantly longer than that of non-intervention group (t=2.137, 2.940, both P<0.05). After the intervention of fluoxetine, there was no significant difference between the CUMS group, L-D group, the control group(all P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#Changing the lighting conditions and continuously damping cushion is a new method to establish mice model with depression behavior.Shorter modeling duration and simple operation are the main advantages of this model.

Evaluation of the teaching environment among the primary and secondary schools in China / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To evaluate the current status of the primary and secondary schools’ teaching environment in China and associated factors,and to provide the support for making differentiated interventional stategies.@*Methods@#Data regarding to information of the primary and secondary schools was obtained by random inspection from the National Health and Family Planning Commission in 2018. Chi-square test was used to compare differences of qualified rates between groups. Spearman correlation analyses was applied to examine the correlations among population density, per capita GDP and qualified rates.@*Results@#Among the total of 37 531 schools, the overall qualified rate of teaching environmental sanitation of primary and secondary schools in 2018 was 59.1%. The qualifying rate in urban areas (60.3%) was higher than that of rural areas (59.4%) and towns (56.7%). Primary schools (59.8%) had higher qualifying rates than junior high schools (58.2%) and senior high schools (51.8%). In terms of each evaluation item, the qualifying rates of school furniture equipment including desks and chairs were the lowest, while the qualifying rates of dormitory ventilation ranked highest. Large variations among provinces were observed for the qualifying rates for school furniture equipment, as well as blackboard illumination. Those provinces with higher per capita GDP and higher population density had higher the qualifying rates for school furniture equipment.@*Conclusion@#The overall qualifying rate of Chinese primary and secondary schools’ teaching environment is low. Among all the evaluation measures, qualifying rates of dormitory ventilation are relatively good, while school furniture equipment needs to be improved. Notably, strengthened and targeted management should be applied to improve schools’ teaching environment in new era.

Clinical observation of minimally invasive scleral buckling combined with 25G in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To observe the clinical effects of minimally invasive scleral buckling combined with 25G cannula intra-optical fiber lighting in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with the help of non-contact wide angle lens.<p>METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 43 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment from May 2011 to March 2015 in our hospital. The retinal tear locations of these patients analyzed preoperatively by pre-set lens and three-mirror contact-lens were uncertain. We detected the retinal tears intraoperatively by non-contact wide angle lens with the help of 25G cannula intra-optical fiber lighting. The tears were sealed by minimally invasive scleral buckling. The patients were followed up at 1wk, 1mo, 3mo and 6mo postoperatively. The vison and intraocular pressure were recorded with the same equipment and methods as preoperatively did. The retina reattachment and tear sealing status were also observed.<p>RESULTS: The retina were reattached by one operation in 41 patients and the reattachment rate was 95.3%. One patient suffered from incomplete retina reattachment, effusion under the retina, poor position of compressed retinal area, and succeeded by minimally invasive scleral buckling once again. One patient developed new retina tear and completely reattached by vitrectomy.<p>CONCLUSION:For those patients with uncertain retinal detachment preoperatively, minimally invasive scleral buckling combined with 25G cannula intra-optical fiber lighting could increase the success rate. The statistical analysis in large samples and the long-term complications should be further investigated.

Baixa luminosidade em sala de parto: vivências de enfermeiras obstétricas / Baja luminosidad en la sala de parto: vivencias de enfermeras obstétricas / Low light in delivery room: obstetric nursing's experiences

Resumo OBJETIVO Compreender as vivências de enfermeiras obstétricas que atenderam ao parto em ambiente com baixa luminosidade. MÉTODOS Estudo qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo. Realizou-se entrevista com oito enfermeiras obstétricas, em um hospital municipal de São Paulo, entre dezembro de 2015 e março de 2016. Os dados foram analisados por análise temática de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. RESULTADOS Foram apreendidas três temáticas: 1- Benefícios atribuídos à baixa luminosidade em sala de parto; 2- Dificuldades atribuídas à baixa luminosidade em sala de parto e 3- Efeitos da baixa luminosidade sobre a atuação do profissional. CONCLUSÕES A baixa luminosidade pode tornar o parto mais tranquilo e aumentar a atenção ao momento vivido pela mulher e seu bebê, proporcionando autonomia para a mulher e atendimento humanizado por parte da equipe. Surgiram como dificuldades, a dinâmica de trabalho do setor e a falta de familiaridade com o método, por parte de alguns profissionais e parturientes.

Resumen OBJETIVO Comprender las vivencias de enfermeras obstétricas que atendieron al parto en ambiente con baja luminosidad. MÉTODOS Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo. Se entrevistaron ocho enfermeras obstétricas en un hospital municipal de San Pablo, entre diciembre de 2015 y marzo de 2016. Se realizó un análisis temático de contenido propuesto por Bardin. RESULTADOS Se revelaron tres temáticas: 1- Beneficios atribuidos a la baja luminosidad en la sala de parto; 2- Dificultades atribuidas a la baja luminosidad en la sala de parto y 3- Efectos de la baja luminosidad sobre la actuación del profesional. CONCLUSIONES La baja luminosidad puede hacer el parto más tranquilo y aumentar la atención al momento vivido por la mujer y su bebé, proporcionando autonomía a la mujer y atención humanizada por parte del equipo. Surgieron como dificultades la dinámica de trabajo del sector y la falta de familiaridad con el método por parte de algunos profesionales y algunas parturientas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To understand the experiences of obstetric nurses accomplishing the delivery under a low light environment. METHODS Qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study. An interview was carried with eight obstetrical nurses at a municipal hospital in São Paulo between December 2015 and March 2016. Data was analyzed using content thematic analysis proposed by Bardin. RESULTS Three themes were studied: 1- Benefits attributed to low light in the delivery room; 2- Difficulties attributed to low light in the delivery room and 3- Effects of low light on the performance of the professional CONCLUSIONS Low light may facilitate the delivery and increase attention to the moment experienced by the woman and her baby, providing autonomy for the woman and humanized care on the part of the team. The sector's work dynamics and the lack of familiarity with the method have emerged as difficulties, on the part of some professionals and parturients.

Teaching environment of primary middle and high schools in Suzhou during 2019 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the teaching environment of primary, middle and high schools in Suzhou, and to explore the relevance of students’ myopia with teaching environment, as well as the key problems in teaching environment.@*Methods@#1 253 classrooms in 204 schools rom 10 districts and counties in Suzhou were selected by proportionate stratified sampling. The qualified rate of each indices was described and the teaching environment by county, learning stage were compared by using chi-squared test. The Spearman test is used to explore correlations between myopia with monitoring indicators.@*Results@#The qualified rate of the distance from lamp to table was the highest (98.56%), while matching rate of student desk and chair was the lowest(0.96%). Minimum lamp table spacing, blackboard average illumination, reflectance from blackboard wall, classroom per capita area, classroom microclimate differed significantly in urban and rural (P<0.05); daylighting coefficient, reflectance from walls, average illumination of desktop and blackboard, classroom per capita area, and microclimate indicator were statistically different by learning stages(r=0.42,P<0.05). Prevalence of myopia correlated with the index of lighting.@*Conclusion@#Qualified desks and matched chairs, as well as the daylighting design in classroom should receive more attention in Suzhou. The findings lend support to identification of key health priorities and formulation of the localized health practice for health administrations.

Physiological Effects of Blue Pulsed LED in an Indoor Lighting Environment / Efectos Fisiológicos de Luz LED Azul Intermitente en un Ambiente de Iluminación en Interiores

Abstract Purpose: An experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological effects of a continuous blue pulsed light emitting diode (BP-LED) added to a task lamp in an actual indoor lighting environment and its influence in alertness having as a final purpose to develop a commercial product that could be applied in situations similar to those depicted in the present work. Design methodology: Previous research studies have stated that the addition of pulsed light evokes physiological changes that may induce alertness. The participants were exposed to four different lighting conditions. Electroencephalograms (EEG), pupil sizes, heart rates (HR), performance tests, and subjective reactions were measured. Findings: Low colour temperature light and the BP-LED revealed an improved alertness according to the data from the EEG recordings. The intervention of the BP-LED in a high colour temperature ambiance was beneficial in maintaining high levels of alertness compared to the conditions where the BP-LED was not used. It was tested that the use of a BP-LED in a task lamp may be beneficial in improving or maintaining alertness levels in an indoor workplace ambiance. Originality and Value: Designing of an adequate workplace task lamp light that improves alertness for in-house, office, or classroom situations in which it is essential.

Resumen Propósito: Un experimento fue llevado a cabo para investigar los efectos fisiológicos que una luz azul LED pulsada de manera intermitente (BP-LED), adicionada a una lámpara de escritorio, y en un ambiente interior; pueda influir en el estado de alerta de una persona con la finalidad de desarrollar un producto comercial que pueda ser aplicado para los casos desarrollados y otros posibles escenarios. Metodología de Diseño: En estudios anteriores se establece que la adición de luz en pulsaciones evoca cambios fisiológicos que pueden inducir al estado de alerta. Los participantes experimentaron cuatro escenarios de iluminación. Se registraron mediciones con respecto a encefalografía (EEG), tamaño pupilar, ritmo cardiaco, prueba de performance, así como evaluación subjetiva. Hallazgos: Los datos de EEG revelaron un mayor estado de alerta durante la exposición a iluminación cálida aunado a luz BP-LED. La intervención de luz fría y BP-LED denotó ser benéfica en el nivel de estado de alerta en comparación con las condiciones donde el BP-LED no intervino. Se logró evaluar que el uso de BP-LED en una lámpara de escritorio puede ser benéfico para mejorar o mantener el estado de alerta cuando sea usado en un espacio interior. Originalidad y Valor: Propuesta para diseñar una luminaria de escritorio; para uso casero, laboral o de estudio; que mejore el estado de alerta de las personas.

Evaluación de la exposición a campos electromagnéticos de radiofrecuencia en ámbitos académicos / Exposure assessment of radiofrecuency electromagnetic fields in academic areas

Introducción: Las radiaciones no ionizantes no poseen el nivel de energía requerido para producir ionización en los tejidos o causar daño al DNA, pero pueden generar efectos térmicos y no térmicos en la salud de los seres humanos que son actualmente motivo de estudio y discusión. Gran parte de la actividad cotidiana en ámbitos académicos se desarrolla bajo la influencia de innumerables radiaciones. Objetivo: Evaluar y determinar el nivel de exposición a las radiaciones no ionizantes en ámbitos académicos de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. Metodología: Las mediciones fueron realizadas mediante el instrumento marca Narda® NBM 550 con sonda de medición isotrópica en la banda de 100 kHz a 3 GHz. Se realizaron mediciones exteriores (outdoor) en diferentes facultades de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. En la facultad de Ciencias Médicas se efectuaron mediciones interiores (indoor). En esta última se seleccionaron tres ambientes para determinar las principales fuentes de emisión. Resultados: Los valores máximos obtenidos de las mediciones se encontraron por debajo del valor máximo permitido de 0,2 mW/cm2. En la facultad de Ciencias Médicas se realizaron mediciones específicas en dos lugares de alto tránsito y uno de varias horas de permanencia en el lugar de exposición. El procesamiento de los datos reveló que las mediciones específicas a 20 cm de los artefactos eléctricos de iluminación fueron superiores al máximo permitido. Discusión: Si bien los resultados de las mediciones exteriores realizadas en los diversos ámbitos académicos se encuentran dentro de los valores permitidos, es recomendable que las mediciones se efectúen en forma anual, además de instalar fuentes de bajas emisiones

Introduction: Non-ionizing radiation does not have the level of energy required to produce ionization in tissues or cause DNA damage, but can generate thermal and non-thermal effects on human health that are currently the subject of study and discussion. Much of the daily activity in academic areas is performed under the influence of innumerable radiations. Objective: Evaluate the exposure levels to non-ionizing radiation in academic and sensitive areas in different faculties of the National University of La Plata, Argentina. Methodology: The measurements were made using the Narda® NBM 550 instrument with an isotropic measurement probe in the 100 kHz band at 3 GHz. Seven exterior measurements were taken (outdoor) in different Faculties: In the Faculty of Medical Sciences internal (indoor) measurements were made. Of the latter, three environments were selected to determine the main sources of emission. Results: The maximum values obtained from the external and internal measurements were found below the maximum value of 0.2 mW / cm2. At the Faculty of Medical Sciences, specific measurements were made on two sites of high circulation and on one of several hours of permanence at the place of exposure. Data processing revealed that the specific measurements at 20 cm of the electric lighting fixtures were higher than the maximum allowed. Discussion: It can be inferred that although the results of the external measurements made in the different academic fields are within the allowed values, it is recommended that the measurements be made annually and the use of low emission sources

The effect of increasing the illumination on operators' visual performance in the control-room of a combined cycle power plant

BACKGROUND: Lighting is one of the environmental factors affecting the performance of the control room operators. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the control room operators’ visual performance in two different illumination conditions at a combined cycle power plant through field-work. METHODS: Sixteen operators in day shift were evaluated with the Freiburg Visual Acuity test (FrACT) software at two lighting systems with different intensities. It includes the first phase with fluorescent illumination system (Power: 40 W, Color Temperature: 4000 Kelvin, Luminous Flux: 2780 Lumen and Model: Pars Shahab) and the second phase with a combined illumination system includes fluorescent and LED (Power: 48 W, Color Temperature: 4000 Kelvin, Luminous Flux: 5400 Lumen and Model: Mazinoor). RESULTS: Based on the results, visual performance index and visual acuity significantly increased after the intervention (p < 0.001). As to contrast, more lighting significantly reduced the percentage of recognized contrast (p < 0.001) and increased the contrast performance index (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that increasing the intensity of light from the values below the allowable limit to the values above the allowable limit would increase the visual indicators in individuals.

Effect of Ambient Light Exposure on Ocular Fatigue during Sleep

BACKGROUND: To investigate the influence of nocturnal ambient light on visual function and ocular fatigue. METHODS: Sixty healthy subjects (30 men and 30 women) aged 19 through 29 years with no history of ocular disease were recruited. All subjects spent 3 consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory. During the first and second nights, the subjects were not exposed to light during sleep, but during the third night, they were exposed to ambient light, measuring 5 or 10 lux at the eye level, which was randomly allocated with 30 subjects each. The visual function and ocular fatigue were assessed at 7 a.m. on the 3rd and 4th mornings, using best-corrected visual acuity, refractive error, conjunctival hyperemia, tear break-up time, maximal blinking interval, ocular surface temperature, and subjective symptoms reported on a questionnaire. RESULTS: Three men and three women subjects failed to complete the study (4 in the 5 lux; 2 from the 10 lux). For the entire 54 subjects, tear break-up time and maximal blinking interval decreased (P = 0.015; 0.010, respectively), and nasal and temporal conjunctival hyperemia increased significantly after sleep under any ambient light (P < 0.001; 0.021, respectively). Eye tiredness and soreness also increased (P = 0.004; 0.024, respectively). After sleep under 5 lux light, only nasal conjunctival hyperemia increased significantly (P = 0.008). After sleep under 10 lux light, nasal and temporal conjunctival hyperemia, eye tiredness, soreness, difficulty in focusing, and ocular discomfort increased significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Nocturnal ambient light exposure increases ocular fatigue. Avoiding ambient light during sleep could be recommended to prevent ocular fatigue.

Ergophthalmology in accounting offices: the computer vision syndrome (CVS) / Ergoftalmologia em escritórios de contabilidade: a síndrome visual do computador (SVC)

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to determine the presence of the symptoms of computer vision syndrome (CVS) accounting office employees. Methods: The research tools used were a questionnaire based on the set of symptoms of CVS rated by Likert scale (1-5) and workplace observations based on Ergonomic Workplace Analysis (EWA). Results: The participants who worked with a viewing angle of less than 10º relative to the screen had more symptoms, particularly of pain in the back of the neck and back (p = 0.0460). The participants who used lighting other than 450 and 699 lux reported significant headache (p = 0.0045) and dry eye (p = 0.0329) symptoms. Younger workers had more headaches (p = 0.0182), and workers with fewer years of employment had more headaches and dry eyes symptoms (p = 0.0164 and p = 0.0479, respectively). A total of 37% of the participants reported a lack of guidance regarding prevention and painful symptoms in the back of the neck and back (p = 0.0936). Conclusion: Younger participants with fewer years of employment, who had not received information regarding proper computer use, who did not use lighting between 450 and 699 lux or who worked with viewing angles of less than 10º had more computer vision syndrome symptoms.

Resumo Objetivo: Este trabalho objetivou averiguar a presença dos sintomas da Síndrome Visual dos Computadores (SVC) trabalhadores de escritórios de contabilidade. Métodos: Como instrumentos de pesquisa utilizou-se um questionário baseado no conjunto de sintomas da SVC, avaliado por Escala Likert (1-5), e foram realizadas observações no local de trabalho baseadas na Avaliação Ergonômica de Postos de Trabalho. Resultados: Os participantes que trabalhavam com o ângulo de visão menor do que 10º em relação à tela foram os que apresentaram mais sintomas sobretudo de dor na parte posterior do pescoço e nas costas (p=0,0460). Aqueles que usavam iluminação diferente de 450 e 699 lux reportaram sintomas significativos para dor de cabeça (p=0,0045) e ressecamento ocular (p=0,0329). Os mais jovens apresentaram mais dor de cabeça (p=0,0182) e aqueles com menor tempo de trabalho mais sintomas de dor de cabeça e ressecamento ocular (respectivamente p=0,0164 e p=0,0479). A falta de recebimento de orientações sobre prevenção foi confirmada por 37% participantes que referiram mais sintomas de dor na parte posterior do pescoço e nas costas (p=0,0936). Conclusão: Os participantes mais jovens, com menor tempo de trabalho, que não haviam recebido informações sobre o uso de computador, não utilizavam iluminação entre 450 e 699 lux ou trabalhavam com o ângulo de visão menor do que 10º apresentaram mais sintomas da síndrome visual do computador.

Influência da iluminação nas expressões emocionais de parturientes: ensaio clínico randomizado / Lighting impact on the emotional expression of pregnant women: a randomized clinical trial

Resumo Objetivo Identificar e comparar as expressões emocionais das parturientes no período expulsivo sob iluminação comum e usual e com baixa luminosidade. Métodos Ensaio clínico, controlado e randomizado de abordagem pragmática. Selecionado 95 parturientes, divididas em dois grupos: iluminação comum e usual e baixa luminosidade da sala de parto. Resultados A emoção mais presente no período expulsivo é a raiva (33,9%). As diferenças entre os grupos do estudo quanto à presença de emoções são significativas: medo (p< 0,0001), nojo (p = 0,0091) e tristeza (p = 0,0060) estiveram mais presentes no grupo de iluminação comum e usual. Já o grupo de baixa luminosidade apresentou mais alegria (p< 0,0001) e raiva (p< 0,0001). Todas as parturientes terminaram seus partos com a emoção alegria. Conclusão O ambiente com baixa luminosidade promove uma sequência de emoções que respeita e auxilia a fisiologia do período expulsivo do trabalho de parto.

Abstract Objective To identify and compare the emotional expression of pregnant women during the stage of expulsion under common and regular lighting and low lighting. Methods Pragmatic, randomized controlled clinical trial. Ninety-five pregnant women were selected, and divided into two groups: common and regular lighting and low lighting in the delivery room. Results The most evident emotion during the stage of expulsion is anger (33.9%). The differences between the study groups regarding the presence of emotions are significant: fear (p< 0.0001), disgust (p = 0.0091), and sadness (p = 0.0060) were more evident for the group under common and regular lighting. The group under low lighting expressed more joy (p< 0.0001) and anger (p< 0.0001). All pregnant women finished their deliveries feeling joy. Conclusion Low lighting provides a series of emotions that respect and help women's physiology during the stage of expulsion in labor.